2^nd International Conference on Applied Microbiology and Beneficial Microbes October 23-25, 2017 Osaka, Japan

Biography:

Min-Suk Song completed his undergraduate degree, Major in Biology, MSc and PhD degree in Virology in Chungbuk National University College of Medicine. He formerly worked as a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. He is currently an Assistant Professor at Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Research Institute since 2014. His published papers were particularly in the areas of Virology which include pathogenicity, molecular studies and diagnosis of influenza viruses. Recently, he has expanded his research on other viruses such as Enterovirus and MERS-coV. His other research interest includes vaccines and antiviral resistance. His current and future studies aim to contribute in protecting and improving people's health.

Abstract:

Recent increased cases of human infection with emerging infectious viruses such as avian influenza virus (AIV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV), and Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome virus (SFTSV) are concerns of public health. We developed a simple and rapid detection system using Reverse Transcriptional Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) method for multiple emerging infectious viruses including MERS-CoV, SFTSV, and multiple influenza viruses infecting human (type B, H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H5N6, H5N8, and H7N9). In addition, for more feasible application, the RT-LAMP method was optimized with real-time colorimetric visualization and portable diagnostic platform such as pocket warmer. The RT-LAMP detection system performed high sensitivity that can detect up to 0.1 infectious viral genome copies of the viruses within 60 min compared to the conventional RT-PCR based methods which usually take more than 120 min. Moreover, the test has no cross-reactivity with other human infectious viruses including JEV, Dengue, Enterovirus, Zika virus, human coronavirus 229E (229E), human Metapneumovirus (hMPV), human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV), and other subtypes of influenza viruses including H2, H4, H6, H9, H10, H11, and H12. Thus, this study suggests that our diagnostic assay may provide a rapid, sensitive, cost-effective, multiplex detection system for emerging infectious viruses that can play a crucial role in control of virus outbreak and contribute to the field diagnosis in resource-limited field settings.

Biography:

 Takashi Horiuchim his areas of research interest is Genome Dynamics, especially the physiological role in DNA replication fork blocking events in E. coli and S. cerevisiae, successful conversion from the circular genome of E. coli to linear, molecular mechanism of gene amplification of rDNA in yeast and oncogene (drug-resistant gene) in higher eukaryotes, and molecular mechanism of DRCR (Double Rolling Circular Replication) in Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Chloroplast DNA. Dr. Horiuchi got Kihara Prize (2007) from Japan Society of Genetics for “Identification and characterization of DNA replication fork blocking event

Abstract:

It is well established that eukaryote nuclear chromosomes are duplicated from multiple origins of replication. It remains a mystery, however, how genomes of some viruses, such as HSV (Herpes simplex virus) and Baculovirus, or chroloplasts, are replicated. We found recently that (i) double rolling circle replication (DRCR), originally found responsible for replication of yeast 2 micron plasmid DNA, can lead to amplification of oncogenes as well as drug resistance genes, and (ii) that DRCR is highly recombinogenic. In addition, we will present our model, based on these findings, that DRCR is involved in DNA replication of HSV-1, chloroplasts and some mitochondria. The model could explain how DRCR contributes to replication-recombination coupling of HSV, and also how it promote amplicon shortening during gene amplification. HO induced

Biography:

Chang-Hwa Song has his expertise in evaluation and passion in improving the health and wellbeing. His work has been focused on the understanding the pathogenesis of tuberculosis based on host immune responses. He has developed his theory for interaction between mycobacteria and host macrophages after years of experience in research, evaluation, teaching and administration in medical school. He published many scientific papers related to endoplasmic reticulum stress response during mycobacterial infection. This approach is responsive to all scientists of tuberculosis and has provided a different way of research

Abstract:

Calreticulin (CRT) is an endoplasmic reticulum luminal calcium-binding chaperone protein. It is associated with the regulation of calcium homeostasis, protein folding and various cellular functions. Many diseases are associated with ER stress including tuberculosis. In this study, we examined the role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) induced ER stress in induction of CRT expression on macrophages. We found that Mtb infection induces CRT production by macrophages and that CRT levels are correlated with the degree of apoptosis. A significant increase in CRT translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane after 24 h of infection suggested the importance of CRT localization in the induction of apoptosis during Mtb infection. During the mycobacterial infection, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays crucial roles in induction of ER stress or enhancement of proinflammatory cytokines.   In the present study, we showed that pretreatment with a reactive oxygen species scavenger decreased Mtb-induced CRT expression, leading to the reduction of CHOP and caspase-3 activation. The intracellular survival of Mtb was significantly higher in macrophages transfected with a CRT-specific small interfering RNA than in control cells. The key role of CRT in inducing apoptosis included its interaction with CXCR1 and TNFR1 in Mtb-infected macrophages. The CRT/CXCR1/TNFR1 complex was shown to induce the extrinsic apoptotic pathway during Mtb infection. Collectively, our results suggest that CRT is critical for the intracellular survival of Mtb, via ER-stress-induced apoptosis

Biography:

Nguyen completed his PhD in Ghent University about the complexity of the intestinal receptors of Enterotoxigenic E. coli in pigs and the immune response against these pathogens. Nguyen explores the gut and studies the genomic and proteomic of pig gut to search for biomarkers to be used in breeding and prophylaxis. 

Abstract:

Diseases, such as diarrhea and/or edema disease, frequently can occur in pigs shortly after weaning pigs. Main causes are enterotoxigenic (ETEC) or verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) expressing F18 fimbriae. Infections lead to considerable economic losses due to mortality, decreased growth rate and cost of medication. F18⁺ E. coli use their fimbriae to attach to specific receptors on the pig intestinal epithelium and produce enterotoxins (LT, STa and/or STb) and/or verotoxins (VTx2e) leading to diarrhea or edema disease, respectively. Antibiotics are routinely used to combat these infections, but due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need for alternatives. The lab of Immunology discovered that F18⁺ E. coli specifically interacts with blood group ABH determinants on type 1 core chains (Coddens et al., 2009; PCT/EP2009/062699; INHIBITORS OF F18⁺ E COLI BINDING). Based on this fundamental discovery, we developed an anti-adhesive therapy. A high dose of the monomeric compounds (e.g. A6-1) could inhibit in vitro the binding of F18⁺ E. coli to porcine intestinal villi. Multimerization of the monomeric receptor structure could significantly enhance efficacy. The multimer was able to decrease binding in vitro with 66 % at a more than 2,500 times lower concentration than the monomeric sugar. In small intestinal perfused intestinal segments, a 10 times higher dosage than in vitro was able to prevent fluid loss (a measure of diarrhoea) due to inoculation with F18⁺ STa⁺STb⁺ ETEC.  In an in vivo experiment, this dose in feed significantly reduced the duration and height of the faecal excretion of pigs inoculated with an F18⁺ VTEC strain.

Biography:

Hiroshi Ohrui received Ph.D. degree (1971) from The University of Tokyo. He Joined RIKEN (1966) and moved to Tokyo University (1981). He moved to Yokohama University of Pharmacy (2006). He worked for Dr. J. J. Fox at Sloan- Kettering Institute for Cancer Research (1972-1973) and Dr. J. G. Moffatt at Syntex Research (1973-1974). He received several awards including Inoue Prize for Science (2001), Japan Prize for Agricultural Sciences (2004), The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry Award (2004), and Japan Academy Prize (2010). His research interests cover organic synthesis, chemical biology and chiral discrimination.  

Abstract:

4’-C-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2’-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) has attracted much attention due to its extremely excellent anti-HIV properties (1. prevent the emergence of resistant HIV mutants, 2. over 400 times more active than AZT and several orders of magnitude more active than the other clinical reverse-transcriptase inhibitor 2’, 3’-dideoxy-nucleoside drugs, 3. very low toxic, 4. long acting, 5. possible use for prophylaxis, and so on).  

EFdA is now under clinical trials as MK-8591 by Merck & Co..                          

For the design of the modified nucleoside which could solve the problems that the clinical drugs have (1. emergence of drug-resistant HIV mutants, 2. adverse effect by drugs, 3. necessity of  taking  quite a few amount of drugs), I have proposed the following working hypotheses . They are (1) the way to prevent the emergence of drug-resistant HIV mutants, (2) the way to decrease the toxicity of modified nucleosides, (3) the way to provide the modified nucleoside with stability to both enzymatic and acidic glycolysis for long acting.

4’-C-substituted-2’-deoxy nucleoside was designed to meet the hypotheses (1), (3), and the two-site modification was performed to meet the hypothesis (2).

The details of the hypotheses and the reasons of the design of 4’-C-substituted-2’-deoxy nucleoside will be presented.

To prevent the deamination of adenine base, fluorine atom was introduced at the 2-position of adenine base.

Finally, EFdA which is modified at the two position(2 and 4’) of the physiologic 2’-deoxyadenosine and has extremely excellent anti-HIV properties has been successfully developed.