3^rd International Conference on Applied Microbiology and Beneficial Microbes June 6-7, 2018 Osaka, Japan

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms.

“Microbial forensics” has been defined as “a scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution purposes”. This emerging discipline is still in the early stages of development and faces substantial scientific challenges to provide a robust suite of technologies for identifying the source of a biological threat agent and attributing a biothreat act to a particular person or group. 

Oral microbiology is the study of the microorganisms of the oral cavity and their interactions between oral microorganisms or with the host. The environment present in the human mouth allows the growth of characteristic microorganisms found there. It provides a source of water and nutrients, as well as a moderate temperature. Resident microbes of the mouth adhere to the teeth and gums to resist mechanical flushing from the mouth to stomach where acid-sensitive microbes are destroyed by hydrochloric acid.

Agricultural microbiology is a branch of microbiology dealing with plant-associated microbes and plant and animal diseases. It also deals with the microbiology of soil fertility, such as microbial degradation of organic matter and soil nutrient transformations.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology is an applied branch of Microbiology. It involves the study of microorganisms associated with the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Other aspects of pharmaceutical microbiology include the research and development of anti-infective agents, the use of microorganisms to detect mutagenic and carcinogenic activity in prospective drugs, and the use of microorganisms in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products like insulin and human growth hormone.

A microbial biofilm is a group of micro-organisms that stick to each other and adhere to a living or a non-living surface. These cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) which may also be referred to as slime. They are usually found in natural, industrial and hospital settings. In our body they are usually found in our teeth that may cause tooth decay or gum disease.

Biotechnology makes use of living organisms to develop and make new products. It overlaps the fields of biomedical engineering, bio engineering, molecular engineering, bio manufacturing, genomics, recombinant gene techniques,  applied immunology, diagnostic tests and pharmaceutical therapies. It also includes making modifications in genes of a living organism according to human needs. Thus it also encompasses the fields of genetic engineering and tissue culture.

Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It is a laboratory based science that brings together biology and chemistry. By using chemical knowledge and techniques, biochemists can understand and solve biological problems.

The aero microbiology is the study of microorganisms in air and hence they are called as bio aerosols. Since they are found in air they have a high opportunity to travel in air with the help of wind and precipitation. They are significant because they are capable of causing diseases in human, plants and animals. Certain microbes are even capable of altering the chemical composition of the clouds and hence causing precipitation. They include the factors like physical environment, microbial communities and microbial processes.

Veterinary microbiology deals with the study of diseases caused on vertebrates domesticated animals that provide us food, other useful products and companionship. The animals should be vaccinated regularly. The wild animals with microbial disease in the living locality should be considered as it may affect the human beings and other animals. It deals with the spread of disease from animals to humans and spread among animals. It also deals with the treatment and other preventive measures.

Astromicrobiology is the study of microorganisms in outer space.

Nano microbiology is the study of microorganisms whose size is in nano level.

Predictive microbiology is the prediction of the relation between the controlling factors found in our food (preservative foods and natural products) and the pathogenic organisms that spoils the food using mathematical modeling.

Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. It  includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents.

A vaccine is a product that produces immunity to a particular kind of disease and it can be administered orally or by aerosols. Vaccination is the process of applying vaccines that contains killed or weakened organisms that produces immunity in the body against that organism. Vaccines cause immunization so that our body can fight against the disease Vaccines can be of two kinds: therapeutic and prophylactic. They cover both infectious disease targets as well as non-infectious disease targets.

Infection and immunity helps the microbiologists, pathologists and clinicians to get an in depth knowledge about the host pathogen interaction.it helps them to create new drugs and vaccines to prevent and treat the infections easily. It also includes infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and parasites; molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity; interactions of virulence factors with host cells; innate and adaptive immunity to infection; development of vaccines against non-viral pathogens; and genomes of pathogenic bacteria. 

Various diseases are caused by the microbes. Microbiology deals with the study of those microbes that cause disease. The disease should be identified by analysis of patient using various clinical tests. After the identification of the disease they have to be treated accordingly. It also deals with the immune system of the patient.

Medical and clinical microbiology are very closely related. Clinical microbiology is a field of science that deals with the study of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infections and diseases caused by the microorganisms. They aim at the application of various microbes for the improvement of human health. It includes several techniques like serology and antimicrobial chemotherapy. 

Petroleum microbiology is a branch of microbiology that deals with the microorganisms that can metabolize the petroleum products. It is mainly used in case of oil spillage. They can make use of hydrocarbons in oil for survival and hence they are named as hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms. They also include the biosensors, bioremediation, bio surfactants and oil recovery.

The microbial pathogenesis deals with the study of microbes that causes diseases. The term pathogenesis describes the disease origin and development. It includes acute and chronic stages of diseases. It mainly includes the microbial infection, inflammation, malignancy and tissue breakdown. 

Molecular Microbiology  deals with the 3 major disciplines in microbiology; it is a bridge between Molecular biology, Microbial Physiology and Genetics. It deals with the inter-dependent microbial & molecular interactions, for instance, signalling in bacteria and Gene therapy in Viruses; which are both essential in treating genetic diseases with the assistance of viral vectors.

Microbial genetics is concerned with the transmission of hereditary characters in microorganisms. It plays a unique role in developing the fields of molecular and cell biology. Conjugation, transformation, and transduction are the important methods for mapping the genes on bacterial chromosomes. 

Food microbiology is the study of micro organisms that inhabit, create or spoil food. There are several microbes that plays a vital role in the production of various food products including beer, wines, breads, cheese, yogurt and other fermented foods. They also play a vital role in food safety, authenticity and testing.

Industrial microbiology is a branch of biotechnology that integrates the science of microbes and industries. They are used to produce products in huge amounts. They use several techniques like gene amplification, mutations etc. These techniques are used in agriculture, food industry, chemical industry etc.

Cellular microbiology is a field that deals with the pathogenic microbes and attempts to use them as tools for cell-biology research, and to employ cell-biology methods to understand the pathogenicity of microbes. It is the combination of cell biology and molecular biology. It deals with cell cycle, metabolism, signal transduction, anatomy and physiology. It also deals with the transfiguring microbes to antibiotic agent.

Generation microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms that have the same character as their parents.

Applied microbiology refers to the fields where the micro-organisms are applied in certain processes. The organisms itself are often not studied as such, but applied to sustain certain processes.

The environmental microbiology deals with the study of all microorganisms in our surrounding environment. It generally includes air microbiology, water microbiology and soil microbiology. It deals with their structure, genomics and the effects of these microorganisms on the macro organisms. It also deals with the microbial communities and interactions. It also deals with bioremediation, biodegradation and biodeterioration.